Táta hřebec na hraní. Zajímavé objevy českých vědců
„Ačkoliv se chování koní věnuje mnoho vědeckých skupin po celém světě, otcovským chováním hřebců se dosud nikdo blíže nezabýval“
Velký úspěch si připsal tříčlenný tým vědců z Jihočeské univerzity a České zemědělské univerzity. Prestižní časopis Animal Cognition jim vydal článek přinášející překvapivé výsledky ve výzkumu chování koní, konkrétně v otcovském chování hřebců.
„Přestože jsme očekávali, že chování hřebců vůči hříbatům bude do určité míry pozitivní, výsledky překvapily i nás,“ vysvětlila Kateřina Šandlová, etoložka z Jihočeské univerzity. „Nejen, že je hřebec vůči svým potomkům mnohem tolerantnější než klisny, ale na rozdíl od klisen se aktivně účastní her se svými potomky. Kromě toho je hřebec oproti klisnám preferován i při dalších sociálních interakcích. Těmi jsou přátelské očichávání a klapání čelistí, jež je specifickým chováním mladých jedinců vyjadřujícím respekt k příjemci,“ doplnila Kateřina Šandlová. Výzkum se konal v minulých letech v rezervaci divokých koní a dalších velkých kopytníků ve středočeských Milovicích.
Zájem o hřebce projevovali především hřebečci. „Proto usuzujeme, že hřebec by pro mladé samce mohl být vzorem, od nějž mohou odpozorovat chování, jež pak využijí v dospělosti při udržování a ochraně vlastního stáda,“ zmínila Martina Komárková z České zemědělské univerzity.
Výzkum ukázal, že úlohou harémového hřebce není „jen“ ochrana stáda a plození potomstva. Právě hřebec je rodičem, který se hříbatům věnuje výrazně více, než jejich matky. Klisny hříbata převážně usměrňují a neuvidíte je si se svými potomky hrát. Naopak hřebec hru hříbat toleruje, dokonce se k ní aktivně připojuje a cvičné souboje s hřebečky mohou někdy působit dosti divoce. Hříbata své matky spíše zlobí, otce však doslova zbožňují a hltají každé jeho gesto a pohyb.
Celý výzkum byl jedinečný svým zaměřením. „Ačkoliv se chování koní věnuje mnoho vědeckých skupin po celém světě, otcovským chováním hřebců se dosud nikdo blíže nezabýval“ doplnila Kateřina Šandlová. Tento vědecký „nezájem“ je podle ní pravděpodobně způsobený tím, že chovatelé domácích koní často drží hřebce odděleně od klisen s hříbaty, neboť se mimo jiné obávají poranění, či zabití hříbat hřebcem, přestože tyto případy jsou ve skutečnosti ojedinělé.
Výzkum bude pokračovat i v dalších letech. „Jsme si vědomi toho, že se jedná o studii na relativně malém počtu zvířat, a proto náš výzkum tímto dílčím úspěchem rozhodně nekončí. Přesto doufáme, že tyto slibné výsledky napomohou k osvěžení náhledu chovu hřebců, a to jak v tradičním chovu, tak i v chovu koňovitých v zoologických zařízeních a rezervacích,“ podotkla Kateřina Šandlová.
Divocí koně z Exmooru se pasou v bývalém vojenském prostoru Milovice od roku 2015. Zvířata v současné době ohrožuje mnohaleté zpoždění, které nabralo dlouhodobé plánované dokončení rezervace. Ochranářská společnost Česká krajina proto v současnosti pořádá veřejnou sbírku, jejíž výtěžek by měl dokončení rezervace financovat. Veřejnost může posílat finanční podporu na sbírkový účet 2100540679/2010 nebo dárcovskou zprávu ve tvaru DMS KRAJINA 90, DMS KRAJINA 60 nebo DMS KRAJINA 30 na číslo 87 777. Případně přes dárcovský portál Darujspravne.cz/krajina nebo nákupy přes portál givt.cz/ceska-krajina .
„Absence studií o rodičovském chování hřebců je paradoxní, protože kůň je jedním z nejvýznamnějších zvířat, která kdy člověk domestikoval. Právě kůň umožnil vznik a rozvoj lidské civilizace, jelikož poprvé v historii umožnil rychlé přesuny velkých skupin lidí, myšlenek i předmětů napříč kontinenty. Dlouhá tisíciletí hrál kůň stěžejní roli ve fungování světa lidí, jeho význam klesnul teprve nedávno s nástupem automobilismu. V pastevních rezervacích mohou koně žít přirozený a šťastný život. Za to nám pomáhají pečovat o krajinu. Je to zatím nejlepší role, kterou jsme my lidé pro koně v současném světě vymysleli. Je potěšující, že pastevní rezervace jsou zdrojem nových vědeckých poznatků o koních, kterým tolik dlužíme,“ dodává Miloslav Jirků z Biologického centra Akademie věd ČR.
Výzkumný projekt otcovského chování hřebců byl v letech 2017-2019 finančně podpořen v programu Strategie AV21 – Rozmanitost a zdraví ekosystémů, a v programu Regionální spolupráce krajů a ústavů Akademie věd ČR (R200961701). „Bez nadsázky lze říci, že bez uvedených programů Akademie věd ČR by byl tento výzkum těžko představitelný. Akademii věd patří velký dík za to, že pomocí programu Strategie AV21 podporuje také výzkumná témata, která v rámci běžného grantového systému prakticky nelze financovat,“ ocenil Miloslav Jirků. V rámci podpory doktorandských studentů výzkum podpořila také Jihočeská univerzita v rámci své grantové agentury (GAJU č. 04-048/2019/P).
Ochranářská organizace Česká krajina na projektech spojených s ochranou přírody spolupracuje s experty z Biologického centra Akademie věd České republiky, Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích, Univerzity Karlovy v Praze, Ústavu biologie obratlovců Akademie věd České republiky, České zemědělské univerzity v Praze, Mendelovy univerzity v Brně, Masarykovy univerzity v Brně a dalších odborných institucí
Zdroj: Česká krajina, foto: Michal Köpping
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